The last of my lessons for the day.....
Prevention's Anti-Aging Guide
1. Stay the weight you were at 18
"Next to not smoking, this is probably the most important thing we
can do to stay healthy and live longer," says Walter Willett, MD,
chair of the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public
Health.
Leanness matters, because fat cells produce hormones that raise the
risk of type 2 diabetes. They also make sub-stances called cytokines
that cause inflammation--stiffening the arteries and the heart and
other organs. Carrying excess fat also raises the risk of some
cancers. Add it up, and studies show that lean people younger than
age 75 halve their chances of premature death, compared with people
who are obese.
The government deems a wide range of weights to be healthy (between
110 and 140 pounds for a 5-foot-4 woman), partly because body frames
vary tremendously. So to maintain the weight that's right for you,
Willett suggests you periodically try to slip into the dress you wore
to your high school prom--assuming, of course, that you were a
healthy weight at that age. If not, aim for a body mass index of
about 23.5.
Willett can't use the prom-dress test himself. Nevertheless, at 6-
foot-2 and a lean 184 pounds, he dutifully hews to the BMI of his
youth.
2. Take the dynamic duo of supplements
They're what Bruce N. Ames, PhD, a professor of biochemistry and
molecular biology at the University of California, Berkeley, swears
by: his daily 800 mg of alpha-lipoic acid and 2,000 mg of acetyl-L-
carnitine. In these amounts, he says, the chemicals boost the energy
output of mitochondria, which power our cells. "I think mitochondrial
decay is a major factor in aging," Ames says--it's been linked to
diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes.
In his studies, elderly rats plied with the supplements had more
energy and ran mazes better. "If you're an old rat, you can be
enthusiastic," Ames says. "As people, we can't be sure until clinical
trials are done." (They're under way.) But the compounds look very
safe--the worst side effect documented in humans is a rash, Ames says-
-and "the data in animals looks really convincing," says S. Mitchell
Harman, MD, PhD, president of the Kronos Longevity Research Institute
in Phoenix.
3. Skip a meal
This one move could have truly dramatic results. Rats fed 30% less
than normal live 30% longer than usual--and in a recent study at the
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, the hearts of
the leaner human calorie-cutters appeared 10 to 15 years younger than
those of regular eaters.
In other research, calorie restrictors improved their blood insulin
levels and had fewer signs of damage to their DNA. Eating less food,
scientists believe, may reduce tissue wear and tear from excess blood
sugar, inflammation, or rogue molecules known as free radicals.
Edward Calabrese, PhD, and Mark Mattson, PhD, have opted for "calorie
restriction lite." Calabrese, a professor of toxicology and
environmental health sciences at the University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, dumped the midday meal. Mattson, chief of the laboratory of
neurosciences at the National Institute on Aging, has done without
breakfast for 20 years.
Try it Skip a meal a day. You don't need to try to cut calories;
Mattson's research suggests you'll naturally consume less that day.
Or try fasting one day a week. Just drink plenty of water.
4. Get a pet
Open up your home and heart to Rover or Boots. Owning a pet reduces
the number of visits to the doctor, prolongs survival after a heart
attack, and wards off depression, says James Serpell, PhD, director
of the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the
University of Pennsylvania. (His family has a cat, a dog, a large
green iguana, a bearded dragon, and a dozen fish.)
Pet ownership also protects against a major problem of aging: high
blood pressure. In one standout study at State University of New
York, Buffalo, stockbrokers with high blood pressure adopted a pet.
When they were faced with mental stress, their BP increased less than
half as much as in their counterparts without animal pals. But pick
your pet with care. There is nothing stress-reducing about a dog that
chews the baseboard to bits.
5. Get help for what hurts
Studies suggest that continuous pain may dampen the immune system--
and evidence is clear that it can cause deep depression and push
levels of the noxious stress hormone cortisol higher.
So enough with the stoicism: Take chronic pain to your doctor and
keep complaining until you have a treatment plan that works, says
Nathaniel Katz, MD, a neurologist and pain-management specialist at
Tufts University School of Medicine. Your mood will improve--and your
immune system may perk up, too.
6. Take a hike
To make the walls of your arteries twice as flexible as those of a
couch potato, just walk briskly for 30 minutes, 5 days a week. That's
what Hirofumi Tanaka, PhD, an associate professor of kinesiology and
health education at the University of Texas, advises after tracking
the elasticity of people's blood vessels using ultrasound.
With age, blood vessel walls tend to stiffen up like old tires--the
main reason two-thirds of people older than age 60 have high blood
pressure. Exercise keeps vessels pliable. Mild exercise also reduces
the risk of diabetes, certain cancers, depression, aging of the skin,
maybe even dementia. That excites exercise researcher Steven N.
Blair, past president of the nonprofit Cooper Institute in Dallas.
He's run nearly every day for almost 40 years. "Not bad for a 66-year-
old fat man."
7. Fight fair
Nasty arguments between couples increase the risk of clogged
arteries. In a recent University of Utah study, women's hearts
suffered when they made or heard hostile comments; men's hearts
reacted badly to domineering, controlling words.
"It's normal to have a fight with your spouse--it's a matter of how
you fight," says Ronald Glaser, PhD, an immunologist at Ohio State
University. What he and his wife, Ohio State clinical psychologist
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, put off-limits: "Getting nasty,
sarcastic, or personal, or using body language like rolling your
eyes. It's better to simply agree to disagree."
8. Stop and plant the roses
Gardening or being around plants bears fruit. In one study, blood
pressure jumped in workers given a stressful task--but rose only a
quarter as much if there were plants in the room. And patients who
had a view of trees as they recovered from surgery left the hospital
almost a day sooner than those with a view of a brick wall.
9. Hoist a few (weights, that is)
Everyone knows cardio exercise is key to slowing the advance of time.
More surprising: Strength-training is crucial, too. That's because
after their mid-40s, people lose ¼ pound of muscle mass a year,
gaining fat in its place.
But, says Miriam E. Nelson, PhD, an associate professor at the
Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts University, "For a couple of
decades, you don't have to lose any muscle, if you do the appropriate
exercises." Even people well into their 90s can regain muscle, she's
found. Just lift weights 2 or 3 days a week, for a minimum of 30
minutes.
The payoff: more endurance, stronger bones, less risk of diabetes--
and better sleep and thinking. Nelson rock climbs and does plenty of
other weight-bearing exercise.
10. Do a good deed
Pick up trash in the park or shop for a neighbor who needs help, says
William Brown, PhD, a lecturer of psychology at Brunel University,
West London. He studied people in Brooklyn and found that those who
had a denser social network and gave more to their friends and family
than they received--whether the gift was in the form of money, food,
advice, or time--reported feeling healthier than others, even when he
factored in activity levels.
Another study, at the University of Michigan, looked at 423 elderly
married couples; after 5 years, the pairs who were more altruistic
were only half as likely to have died. "Many people grow up thinking
it's a dog-eat-dog world," Brown says. "But there's a lot of data
that suggests the best way to be healthy is to be kind to others."
11. Eat a rainbow...
...made of vegetables, says Peter Greenwald, MD, director of the
division of cancer prevention at the National Cancer Institute. Their
cancer-preventing abilities are unparalleled. Remember: Aim for nine
servings of fruits and vegetables each day.
12. Sup from the sea
Don't just slap anything with fins onto your plate: You want fatty
fish, such as salmon, sardines, and lake trout. They contain the
omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA, which many studies show help prevent
sudden death from heart attack. Omega-3s may also help ward off
depression, Alzheimer's disease, and age-related macular
degeneration, a leading cause of blindness--and maybe some cancers,
although evidence is mixed.
To get more of the benefits of good fats, snack on an ounce (a
handful) of walnuts a day. Use less corn oil, and more canola and
olive oils. Greg Cole, PhD, a professor of medicine and neurology at
UCLA, also avoids cookies, margarine, and snack foods such as chips,
which are loaded with unhealthy trans fats. On his menu: two tuna
sandwiches plus a couple of DHA-enriched eggs a week. He takes 2 g of
fish oil daily
.
13. Belt out a tune
Exposing yourself to music might help boost your immune system: In a
study done by Robert Beck, PhD, a professor emeritus at the
University of California, Irvine, levels of an infection-fighting
antibody called IgA increased 240% in the saliva of choral members
performing Beethoven's Missa Solemnis.
14. Drink a cuppa
Intrigued by studies (of mice, cells in lab dishes, and people) that
say tea may fight prostate and breast cancer and heart disease,
researcher Anna Wu, PhD, a professor of preventive medicine at the
University of Southern California, downs at least 3 cups daily. Green
is best, although black tea confers some benefits, too.
15. Whittle your waist
To determine if your body is staying young, the tape measure is
better than the bathroom scale: Your weight can remain the same while
you lose muscle and pack on fat, including visceral fat, the culprit
behind a thick waist. It's linked to a heightened risk of age-related
ills such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. If
your waist measures more than 35 inches (for a woman) or 40 inches
(for a man), you probably have too much belly fat.
The best way to shed that inner load: exercise, says Kerry Stewart,
EdD, director of clinical and research exercise physiology at the
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In a 6-month study of 69
men and women, he found a 20% reduction in visceral fat, though
participants lost only 5 pounds. Stewart's program was brisk but not
too arduous: 45 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobics three times a
week and 20 minutes of moderate-intensity weight training, also three
times weekly.
16. Double up on D
If there's one vitamin supplement you should take, this is it,
experts say. Vitamin D is made in the skin when sun hits it--but as
people get older, the D factory doesn't work as well. About half of
Americans fall short. Research suggests that a lack of D raises the
risk of osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, and various cancers.
"No other nutrient is so widely deficient in the United States," says
Meir Stampfer, MD, chair of the department of epidemiology at the
Harvard School of Public Health. "Unless you eat a lot of fish, you
have to supplement." Stampfer takes 1,800 IU daily in the winter and
800 to 1,200 IU a day the rest of the year. Make sure your supplement
contains vitamin D3, the form the skin makes.
17. Dine on curry
Turmeric, the spice that makes curry yellow, is loaded with curcumin,
a chemical with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
In India, it's smeared on bandages to help heal wounds.
East Asians also eat it, of course--which might explain why they have
lower rates than we do of various cancers and Parkinson's disease and
Alzheimer's disease. (Animal research is promising.) Cole, of UCLA,
makes sure he gets a good dose of Indian food with "lots of yellow
stuff" three times weekly. Don't like the taste? Try a daily curcumin
supplement of 500 to 1,000 mg.
18. Donate blood
The life you save may be your own. Many researchers think that we
take in too much iron, mostly from eating red meat. Excess iron is
thought to create free radicals in the body, speeding aging and
raising risk of heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's. Until
menopause, women are naturally protected from iron overload, but
after that the danger of overdose climbs.
Preliminary studies suggest you can lower your risk of heart disease
by regularly giving blood. Thomas Perls, MD, an associate professor
of medicine at Boston University who leads the New England
Centenarian Study, donates a unit every 2 months. He has a rare blood
type, so he's helping others--and he may get something out of it,
too. If you're scared of needles, at least go easy on red meat: no
more than a daily serving the size of a pack of cards.
19. Look out for your eyes
Getting plenty of omega-3s in food or supplements may help ward off
age-related macular degeneration. Plant antioxidants such as lutein
and zeaxanthin (found in leafy green vegetables like kale and
collards) are helpful, too.
People who have drusen--tiny deposits within the retina that can be
early signs of macular degeneration--can reduce their risk of
blindness in both eyes by 25% if they take a supplement, says John
Paul SanGiovanni, ScD, a staff scientist at the National Eye
Institute. What to take, according to his study: 500 mg of vitamin C,
400 IU of vitamin E, 80 mg of zinc, 15 mg of beta-carotene, and 2 mg
of copper.
20. Take fern extract for your skin
Studies suggest that the antioxidant-rich extract of the South
American fern Polypodium leucotomos may help keep your skin youthful
by protecting against free radicals and reducing inflammation. Until
clinical trials find proof, "it's like chicken soup--it can't hurt
and it might help a bit," says dermatologist Mary Lupo, MD, a
Prevention advisor and a clinical professor of dermatology at the
Tulane University School of Medicine.
Lupo takes 240 mg every morning in a supplement called Heliocare,
made by Ivax Dermatologicals. She also slaps on broad-spectrum
sunscreen and Retin-A daily and eats a diet loaded with colorful
fruits and vegetables--blueberries, raspberries, grapefruit,
broccoli, spinach. It may also help to drink green tea and nibble
flavonoid-rich dark chocolate, she adds. What you must do: Avoid
excessive sun exposure and don't smoke.